Search for collections on Undip Repository

DETEKSI DAN FOTODEGRADASI POLUTAN PADA AIR LIMBAH FARMASI MENGGUNAKAN MATERIAL KARBON DOTS

ALKIAN, Ilham and Sutanto, Heri and Hadiyanto, Hadiyanto (2025) DETEKSI DAN FOTODEGRADASI POLUTAN PADA AIR LIMBAH FARMASI MENGGUNAKAN MATERIAL KARBON DOTS. Doctoral thesis, UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO.

[thumbnail of 2. Ilham Alkian_Bagian Awal-1-2.pdf] Text
2. Ilham Alkian_Bagian Awal-1-2.pdf

Download (200kB)
[thumbnail of 2. Ilham Alkian_Bagian Awal.pdf] Text
2. Ilham Alkian_Bagian Awal.pdf
Restricted to Repository staff only

Download (11MB)
[thumbnail of 3. Ilham Alkian_BAB 1.pdf] Text
3. Ilham Alkian_BAB 1.pdf

Download (486kB)
[thumbnail of 4. Ilham Alkian_BAB 2.pdf] Text
4. Ilham Alkian_BAB 2.pdf

Download (947kB)
[thumbnail of 5. Ilham Alkian_BAB 3.pdf] Text
5. Ilham Alkian_BAB 3.pdf
Restricted to Repository staff only

Download (651kB)
[thumbnail of 6. Ilham Alkian_BAB 4.pdf] Text
6. Ilham Alkian_BAB 4.pdf
Restricted to Repository staff only

Download (1MB)
[thumbnail of 7. Ilham Alkian_BAB 5.pdf] Text
7. Ilham Alkian_BAB 5.pdf
Restricted to Repository staff only

Download (5MB)
[thumbnail of 8. Ilham Alkian_BAB 6.pdf] Text
8. Ilham Alkian_BAB 6.pdf
Restricted to Repository staff only

Download (337kB)
[thumbnail of 9. Ilham Alkian_Daftar Pustaka.pdf] Text
9. Ilham Alkian_Daftar Pustaka.pdf

Download (417kB)
[thumbnail of 10. Ilham Alkian_Lampiran.pdf] Text
10. Ilham Alkian_Lampiran.pdf
Restricted to Repository staff only

Download (3MB)

Abstract

Peningkatan pencemaran akibat limbah farmasi menjadi perhatian utama para peneliti saat ini, karena risiko ekotoksikologi logam berat serta munculnya potensi resistensi antibiotik. Pengembangan material untuk deteksi dan remediasi yang ramah lingkungan, efisien, dan ekonomis menjadi kebutuhan mendesak dalam pengelolaan air limbah farmasi. Disertasi ini mengkaji pemanfaatan karbon dots (Cdots) fluoresensi multiwarna berbasis biomassa sebagai solusi dalam mendeteksi dan mendegradasi polutan transparan pada air limbah farmasi. Cdots dari limbah kulit pisang berhasil disintesis melalui solvotermal dengan fluoresensi multiwarna, yaitu biru (B-Cdots), hijau (G-Cdots), dan merah (R-Cdots), dengan perbedaan kestablian koloid, ukuran partikel, dan celah pita energi yang memengaruhi pergeseran spektrum fluoresensi dari 450 nm hingga 620 nm. Pada aspek deteksi, Cdots multiwarna efektif mendeteksi logam berat Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺, dan Pb²⁺ dengan sensitivitas (LoD) sangat rendah, yaitu 2,84–3,69 nM. Untuk deteksi antibiotik, B-Cdots memberikan sensitivitas terbaik dengan LoD amoksisilin 0,32 µM. Selanjutnya, film fluoresens dengan komposisi yang telah dioptimasi (51,41% Cdots, 36,71% PVA, 11,89% PEG) menunjukkan quantum yield tinggi (60,20%) dan kekuatan mekanik yang unggul (41,01 MPa), serta mempertahankan intensitas fluoresensi lebih dari 95% selama 4 bulan. Film fluoresens konsisten mendeteksi logam berat dan amoksisilin dengan LoD rendah dan akurasi tinggi (R² > 0,9764). Film fluoresens multiwarna telah memenuhi standar nasional dan internasional sebagai detektor logam berat sehingga layak diimplementasikan pada sistem pemantauan air limbah real-time. Pada aspek fotodegradasi, komposit Bi₂O₃/Cdots yang dioptimasi menunjukkan performa fotokatalitik unggul dengan efisiensi degradasi amoksisilin 73,13%, tetrasiklin 57,43%, dan levofloksasin 42,67%. Penambahan Cdots pada struktur Bi₂O₃ secara signifikan meningkatkan karakteristik optik, kestabilan termal, kristalinitas, morfologi permukaan, dan keadaan kimia permukaan sehingga menurunkan celah pita energi, memperluas serapan cahaya, dan mendukung kinerja fotodegradasi antibiotik yang konsisten di atas 70%. Selanjutnya, fabrikasi fotokatalis terapung Bi₂O₃/Cdots mampu mencapai efisiensi degradasi antibiotik hingga 94%, dengan stabilitas efisiensi 85% setelah 5 siklus dan 74% setelah 9 siklus pemakaian tanpa perlakuan regenerasi sistematis. Proses fotodegradasi telah berhasil memperbaiki karakteristik air limbah, baik dari parameter fisika, kimia, maupun mikrobiologis. Fotokatalis terapung direkomendasikan sebagai pengolahan tahap tersier pada bak penampungan akhir IPAL dengan efektivitas penurunan COD, BOD, dan TSS >70% di bawah paparan cahaya matahari atau UV. Penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam remediasi air limbah, mitigasi pencemaran, pencegahan resistensi antimikroba, dan sebagai dasar ilmiah untuk pengembangan kebijakan pengelolaan polutan emergen.
Kata kunci: Deteksi, Fotodegradasi, Karbon Dots, Logam Berat, Antibiotik

The increasing pollution from pharmaceutical waste has become a primary concern for researchers due to the ecotoxicological risks of heavy metals and the potential for antibiotic resistance. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the development of environmentally friendly, efficient, and economical materials for the detection and remediation of pharmaceutical wastewater. This dissertation explores the use of biomass-derived, multi-color fluorescent carbon dots (C-dots) as a solution for detecting and degrading transparent pollutants in pharmaceutical wastewater. Cdots synthesized from banana peel waste via a solvothermal process exhibited multicolor fluorescence, including blue (B-Cdots), green (G-Cdots), and red (R-Cdots) with variations in their colloidal stability, particle size, and band gap energy influenced the fluorescence spectral shift from 450 nm to 620 nm. For detection, the multicolor Cdots effectively detected heavy metals Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Pb²⁺ with remarkably low limits of detection (LoD) ranging from 2.84–3.69 nM. B-Cdots showed the highest sensitivity for antibiotic detection, with an LoD of 0.32 µM for amoxicillin. Furthermore, optimized fluorescent films (51.41% Cdots, 36.71% PVA, 11.89% PEG) demonstrated a high quantum yield (60.20%) and superior mechanical strength (41.01 MPa), retaining over 95% of their fluorescence intensity for four months. These films consistently detected heavy metals and amoxicillin with low LoD values and high accuracy (R² > 0.9764). The multicolor fluorescent films met both national and international standards for heavy metal detectors, making them suitable for real-time wastewater monitoring. In terms of photocatalysis, optimized Bi₂O₃/Cdots composites exhibited superior photocatalytic activity, with degradation efficiencies of 73.13% for amoxicillin, 57.43% for tetracycline, and 42.67% for levofloxacin. The incorporation of Cdots into the Bi₂O₃ structure significantly enhanced optical properties, thermal stability, crystallinity, surface morphology, and surface chemical states, resulting in a reduced band gap, extended light absorption, and consistently improved photocatalytic degradation performance above 70%. Floating Bi₂O₃/Cdots photocatalysts achieved up to 94% antibiotic degradation efficiency, maintaining 85% efficiency after five cycles and 74% after nine cycles without systematic regeneration. The photocatalytic process successfully improved wastewater characteristics in terms of physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters. The floating photocatalyst is recommended as a tertiary treatment in final wastewater holding tanks, where it achieved reductions in COD, BOD, and TSS exceeding 70% under solar or UV irradiation. This research contributes to wastewater remediation, pollution mitigation, and the prevention of antimicrobial resistance, providing a scientific basis for developing policies on emerging pollutant management.
Keywords: Detection, Photodegradation, Carbon Dots, Heavy Metals, Antibiotics

Item Type: Thesis (Doctoral)
Uncontrolled Keywords: Deteksi, Fotodegradasi, Karbon Dots, Logam Berat, Antibiotik
Subjects: Sciences and Mathemathic
Divisions: Postgraduate Program > Doctor Program in Environmental Science
Depositing User: ekana listianawati
Date Deposited: 14 Nov 2025 04:23
Last Modified: 14 Nov 2025 04:23
URI: https://eprints2.undip.ac.id/id/eprint/41153

Actions (login required)

View Item View Item