NUGRAHA, Iman Surya and Kiono, Berkah Fajar Tamtomo and Syafrudin, Syafrudin (2026) EVALUASI KINERJA ENERGI OPERASIONAL WHEEL LOADER BERBASIS BAHAN BAKAR DAN EMISI KARBON. Masters thesis, UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO.

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Abstract

Penggunaan wheel loader dalam kegiatan material handling pada sektor industri dan pertambangan berkontribusi terhadap konsumsi energi berbasis bahan bakar fosil serta emisi karbon dioksida (CO₂). Efisiensi energi operasional alat berat menjadi aspek penting dalam upaya peningkatan kinerja operasional sekaligus pengendalian dampak lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan evaluasi kinerja energi operasional wheel loader berbasis bahan bakar dan emisi karbon pada kondisi operasional aktual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efisiensi kinerja energi operasional wheel loader yang direpresentasikan melalui indikator intensitas konsumsi bahan bakar, besaran emisi karbon dioksida (CO₂), keterkaitan antara efisiensi energi dan intensitas emisi karbon, dan rekomendasi strategi operasional untuk meningkatkan efisiensi energi dan menurunkan emisi karbon. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain observasional evaluatif pada operasional alat berat di PT Interport Mandiri Utama, Balikpapan, Kalimantan Timur. Data diperoleh melalui sistem telematika dan monitoring internal alat yang mencakup konsumsi bahan bakar, waktu operasi, waktu idle, produktivitas, serta parameter operasional lainnya. Analisis dilakukan melalui pendekatan deskriptif, inferensial, pemodelan energi berbasis Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) dan Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), estimasi emisi CO₂ menggunakan metode IPCC Tier 2, serta pengembangan model prediktif berbasis regresi dan machine learning. Validasi model dilakukan menggunakan parameter RMSE, MAPE, dan koefisien determinasi (R²), sedangkan optimasi operasional dilakukan dengan pendekatan multi-objektif berbasis Pareto frontier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi bahan bakar dan emisi karbon dipengaruhi secara signifikan oleh distribusi siklus kerja, load factor, produktivitas alat, dan proporsi waktu idle. Wheel loader menunjukkan tingkat konsumsi bahan bakar yang lebih rendah dibandingkan bulldozer, namun masih ditemukan waktu idle sebesar 27-30% dari total waktu operasi yang berkontribusi terhadap pemborosan energi dan peningkatan emisi CO₂. Model prediksi yang dikembangkan mampu menggambarkan hubungan antara parameter operasional, konsumsi bahan bakar, dan emisi karbon secara akurat. Strategi optimasi berupa pengurangan waktu idle, peningkatan utilisasi alat, dan pengelolaan siklus kerja yang lebih efisien terbukti berpotensi menurunkan konsumsi bahan bakar serta emisi karbon tanpa mengurangi produktivitas operasional. Temuan ini dapat menjadi dasar pengambilan keputusan dalam pengelolaan energi dan dekarbonisasi operasional alat berat yang berkelanjutan.
Kata Kunci: efisiensi energi, wheel loader, konsumsi bahan bakar, emisi karbon, operasional alat berat

The use of wheel loaders in material handling activities in the industrial and mining sectors contributes to fossil fuel-based energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. The operational energy efficiency of heavy equipment is an important aspect in efforts to improve operational performance while controlling environmental impacts. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the operational energy efficiency of wheel loaders by measuring carbon emissions under actual operating conditions. This study aims to evaluate the operational energy efficiency of wheel loaders as represented by fuel consumption intensity indicators, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission levels, the relationship between energy efficiency and carbon emission intensity, and recommendations for operational strategies to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. The research method employed a quantitative approach with an evaluative observational design focused on heavy equipment operations at PT Interport Mandiri Utama in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan. Data was collected through telematics systems and internal equipment monitoring, covering fuel consumption, operating time, idle time, productivity, and other operational parameters. Analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential approaches, energy modeling based on Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), CO₂ emission estimation using the IPCC Tier 2 method, and the development of predictive models based on regression and machine learning. Model validation was performed using the RMSE, MAPE, and coefficient of determination (R²) parameters, while operational optimization was conducted using a multi-objective approach based on the Pareto frontier. The research results indicate that fuel consumption and carbon emissions are significantly influenced by work cycle distribution, load factor, equipment productivity, and the proportion of idle time. Wheel loaders exhibit lower fuel consumption compared to bulldozers; however, idle time still accounts for 27–30% of total operating time, contributing to energy waste and increased CO₂ emissions. The developed predictive model accurately captures the relationship between operational parameters, fuel consumption, and carbon emissions. Optimization strategies-such as reducing idle time, increasing equipment utilization, and managing work cycles more efficiently-have been shown to have the potential to reduce fuel consumption and carbon emissions without compromising operational productivity. These findings can serve as a basis for decision-making regarding energy management and the sustainable decarbonization of heavy equipment operations.
Keywords: energy efficiency, wheel loader, fuel consumption, carbon emissions, heavy equipment operations

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