NINGSIH, Kamtiyah and Muhammad, Fuad and Mukimin, Aris (2026) STUDI EFEKTIVITAS DAN VALUASI EKONOMI TEKNOLOGI EAOPs BERDASARKAN VARIASI VARIABEL PROSES PADA INDUSTRI KECIL MENENGAH BATIK PRINTING DI KOTA PEKALONGAN. Masters thesis, UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO.

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Abstract

Air limbah industri kecil menengah (IKM) batik printing yang bersifat toksik, karsinogenik, dan mutagenik dapat menurunkan kualitas air permukaan dan menyebabkan perubahan struktur komunitas biota akuatik. Plankton dan bentos merupakan contoh organisme sensitif yang dapat digunakan sebagai bioindikator untuk mengevaluasi tingkat pencemaran. Di Kelurahan Jenggot, Kecamatan Pekalongan Selatan, telah terdapat fasilitas IPAL komunal berbasis teknologi wetland, namun masih terkendala oleh kemampuan degradasi zat warna dan kapasitas pengolahan. Seiring waktu, performance IPAL tersebut semakin menurun akibat sedimentasi dan penyumbatan pada media wetland, sehingga diperlukan alternatif teknologi pengolahan lain yang lebih efektif dan mudah dioperasikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak air limbah yang didominasi buangan air limbah batik printing berdasarkan nilai indeks keanekaragaman hayati plankton dan bentos menggunakan pendekatan analisis Indeks Shannon Wienner, melakukan analisis efektivitas penggunaan jenis elektroda untuk degradasi polutan menggunakan teknologi Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs) pada industri kecil menengah (IKM) batik printing, melakukan analisis komparasi penggunaan jenis elektroda dan variabel proses yang meliputi jenis dan konsentrasi elektrolit, pH larutan, voltase, jenis dan konsentrasi FeSO4 pada pengolahan air limbah industri kecil menengah (IKM) batik printing serta mengkaji valuasi ekonomi aplikasi teknologi EAOPs yang meliputi analisis biaya investasi dan biaya operasional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penurunan kualitas air dari hulu ke hilir, ditandai dengan penurunan nilai DO. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener (H’) menunjukkan kisaran rendah hingga sedang, yang mengindikasikan tekanan antropogenik akibat buangan air limbah IKM batik printing dan air limbah domestik di sepanjang aliran sungai. Komunitas fitoplankton didominasi oleh perairan eutrofik dan tercemar organik. Sementara itu, rendahnya kehadiran zooplankton sensitif serta dominasi taksa bentik toleran mencerminkan kondisi saprobitas β–α mesosaprobik. Secara keseluruhan, hasil penelitian menegaskan bahwa penurunan kualitas air telah menyebabkan terganggunya keseimbangan ekosistem akuatik Sungai Setu. Teknologi EAOPs berbasis karbon menunjukkan kemampuan tinggi terhadap penurunan COD dan warna. Kondisi optimum sistem EAOPs dengan elektroda grafit dicapai pada 4000 mg/L NaCl, 6 V, pH 4, 0,06 g/L FeSO₄ (p.a) selama 45 menit dapat menurunkan COD hingga 98,91% dan warna 98,07%, dengan laju degradasi mengikuti kinetika reaksi orde kedua (R² > 0,89). Spesies oksidatif dominan yang terbentuk meliputi radikal hidroksil (•OH) dan klorin aktif (Cl, HOCl dan ClO-). Berdasarkan perhitungan tekno ekonomi, elektroda grafit jauh lebih murah (Rp. 56.575,00) dibandingkan dengan elektroda Ti/RuIrO2 (Rp 465.000,00), Ti/RuO2(Rp 387.500) dan Ti/PtIr (Rp 620.000,00). Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa teknologi EAOPs berbasis elektroda grafit potensial sebagai alternatif sistem pengolahan desentralistik yang tepat diterapkan di IKM batik printing.
Kata kunci: air limbah batik printing, EAOPs, elektroda low cost dan unsacrificial, Kecamatan Pekalongan Selatan, plankton dan bentos.

Wastewater from small and medium-scale batik printing industries (SMEs) contains toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic compounds that can degrade surface water quality and alter the structure of aquatic biological communities. Plankton and bentos are examples of sensitive organisms that can be used as bioindicators to evaluate pollution levels. A communal wastewater treatment facility based on wetland technology has been established in Jenggot Village, South Pekalongan Subdistrict; however, its performance is limited by low dye degradation efficiency and insufficient treatment capacity. Over time, its effectiveness has further declined due to sediment accumulation and clogging of the wetland media, indicating the need for a more efficient and operationally feasible alternative treatment technology. This study aims to assess the impact of wastewater dominated by batik printing effluents based on the biodiversity indices of plankton and benthic organisms using the Shannon–Wiener index; to analyze the effectiveness of different electrode types for pollutant degradation using Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs) in SMEs; to conduct a comparative analysis of electrode types and process variables, including the type and concentration of electrolytes, solution pH, applied voltage, and the type and concentration of FeSO₄ in the treatment of batik printing wastewater; and to evaluate the economic feasibility of EAOPs application through investment cost and operational cost analyses. The sampling results revealed a decline in water quality from upstream to downstream, indicated by reduced dissolved oxygen levels. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H') showed low to moderate values, suggesting anthropogenic pressure from batik industrial effluents and domestic discharges along the river. Phytoplankton communities were dominated by taxa characteristic of eutrophic and organically polluted waters, whereas the low abundance of sensitive zooplankton and the dominance of tolerant benthic taxa indicated β–α mesosaprobic conditions. Overall, the findings confirm that declining water quality has disrupted the aquatic ecological balance of the Setu River. EAOPs using carbon-based electrodes demonstrated high removal efficiency for COD and color. Optimal performance was achieved at 4000 mg/L NaCl, 6 V, pH 4, and 0.06 g/L FeSO₄ for 45 minutes, resulting in COD and color reductions of 98.91% and 98.07%, respectively, following second-order reaction kinetics (R² > 0.89). The dominant oxidative species generated were hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and active chlorine species (Cl, HOCl, and ClO⁻). Techno-economic evaluation showed that graphite electrodes were significantly more cost-effective (Rp 56,575) compared with Ti/RuIrO₂, Ti/RuO₂, and Ti/PtIr electrodes. In conclusion, EAOPs with graphite electrodes show strong potential as a decentralized wastewater treatment solution for batik printing SMEs.
Keywords: batik printing wastewater, EAOPs, low-cost and unsacrificial electrodes, South Pekalongan District, plankton, and bentos.

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