Abdilla, Chiara Amida and Hanura, Marten (2026) CHILD AND LABOR RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN GLOBAL IKHWAN SERVICES AND BUSINESS HOLDINGS (GISBH): INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS INTERNALIZATION IN MALAYSIA. Undergraduate thesis, FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO.

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Abstract

This study examines what Malaysia’s enforcement against human rights violations by
Global Ikhwan Services and Business Holdings (GISBH) reveals about the limitations of
the Norm Life Cycle (NLC) model’s assumption of linear norm progression. Despite
Malaysia’s formal commitments to international frameworks, persistent violations within
GISBH highlight a gap between normative commitment and domestic implementation.
Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research analyzes secondary data from legal
documents, media reports, and academic literature, complemented by an interview, through
the lens of the NLC model by Finnemore and Sikkink. The findings show that Malaysia
has demonstrated norm acknowledgement and policy responses. However, enforcement
remains reactive and insufficiently routinized, indicating that full norm internalization has
not yet been achieved. Thus, Malaysia is positioned in a transitional phase between the late
norm cascade stage and the early stage of norm internalization. Additionally, the GISBH
case also functions as a least likely case for linear norm internalization. This suggests that
the NLC model remains useful for locating stages of norm development, but has limitations
in explaining why internalization stalls in contexts shaped by reactive enforcement culture,
organizational opacity, and competing religious-legal normative frameworks.
Keywords: Human Rights, GISBH, Malaysia, Child and Labor Rights, Norm Life Cycle
Model, Norm Internalization, Least Likely Case
76 Hubungan Internasional 2026

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